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Keywords: Latent rheumatic heart disease, Natural history, Outcome Background There is a heavy burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in many developing countries and in some indigenous communities of developed countries [1, 2]. RHD exacts the highest number of disability-adjusted life-years of all cardiovascular diseases among 10-14-year 2016, with total burden increasing for most CVDs over time. One notable exception was rheumatic heart disease, for which global burden decreased from 12.6 million DALYs in 2000 to 9.8 million DALYs in in 2016 [5]. Total CVD burden attributed to each risk factor increased between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. 5). High blood AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022) Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia, 2016-2020, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 08 October 2022. Diagnosis of ARF is based on the presence of documented preceding Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection, in addition to the presence of two major manifestations or one major and two minor Latest edition Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are preventable diseases disproportionately affecting Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Australians living in regional and remote areas. Prevalence rates were highest in females and young people aged 5-14. Sudan Rheumatic Heart Disease Control Initiative: achievements and challenges: 2012-2017. Sudan RHD Control Committee Medical Assistants: in 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) regional office donated 10 000 US Dollars to the program (through the MOH) for training of medical assistants in 3 states. The first trainer's Courtney M. Townsend JR., MD, in Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 2022 Rheumatic Heart Disease. Acute rheumatic fever develops because of a cross-reactive host immune response exhibited by genetically susceptible individuals in response to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection acquired during the first decade of life, driven by molecular mimicry between streptococcal proteins and host RHD is a chronic disease caused by accumulated heart valve damage from a single severe or, more commonly, multiple recurrent ARF episodes. This means that, although RHD occurs in children, its It is perceived as a disease of childhood, acquired by streptococcal throat infection of the tonsillo-pharynx, leading to an inflammatory reaction that involves many organs, including the heart. However, cases in children of 5 to 14 years of age are likely to represent only 15% to 20% of all cases within all age groups of vulnerable populations. 1 In patients with atrial fibrillation not related to rheumatic heart disease, treatment with rivaroxaban or other factor Xa inhibitors has been shown to be noninferior to warfarin therapy for Treatment depends on the severity of rheumatic heart disease, but may include: • Hospital admission to treat heart failure • Antibiotics for infection (especially of the heart valves) • Blood-thinning medicine to prevent stroke or thin blood for replacement valves • Balloons inserted through a vein to open up stuck valves • Heart valve surgery to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Abstract. Rheumatic fever (RF